Animal protection is an area of ​​practice to which the T&R Law Firm dedicates particular attention and expertise, employing an approach that combines legal proficiency with a commitment to animal welfare.

The Firm’s professionals assist private individuals, families, associations, and Third Sector entities with all key issues regarding animal law—in both civil and criminal contexts—providing comprehensive advice that reflects current legislation.

Criminal protection of animals

The Firm provides legal assistance and defense in criminal proceedings concerning offenses against animals as defined by the Penal Code, with particular focus on:

• killing of animals (Art. 544-bis of the Penal Code);
• animal mistreatment (Art. 544-ter of the Penal Code);
• shows or events involving animal abuse or torture (Art. 544-quater of the Penal Code);
• animal fighting and unauthorized competitions (Art. 544-quinquies of the Penal Code).

In these proceedings, the Firm’s lawyers handle every stage: from the preliminary assessment of the facts and the filing of formal complaints to appearing as a civil party (*costituzione di parte civile*) to secure compensation for damages suffered by the animals and the organizations protecting them.

Special attention is paid to implementing protective measures for animals that are victims of crimes—such as seizure, confiscation, and placement with suitable facilities or associations—in accordance with ...as provided for by the rules of the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure (including, in particular, provisions regarding the confiscation and custody of animals in proceedings concerning mistreatment, killing, and animal fighting).

Assistance to Third Sector Entities and associations

The T&R Law Firm provides ongoing assistance to animal welfare associations, foundations, and Third Sector entities dedicated to animal protection.

Services include:

• drafting and filing formal complaints and criminal charges regarding incidents of mistreatment, the killing of animals, animal fighting, and prohibited events;
• assistance with joining criminal proceedings as a civil party (*parte civile*) to claim compensation for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages;
• support in managing relations with competent authorities regarding the seizure, confiscation, and custody of animals;
• advice on internal regulations, operational protocols, and prevention campaigns, in light of national legislation on animal welfare.

Civil law protection: ownership, possession, and liability

In the civil law sphere, the Firm provides assistance with major disputes involving companion animals, always prioritizing their well-being.

1. Ownership and Title of the Animal

The Firm’s lawyers handle disputes regarding the ownership and title of animals, for instance in cases of:

• disputes between multiple parties regarding ownership of the animal;
• conflicts between neighbors or within a condominium setting concerning the keeping of pets;
• issues related to the transfer or adoption of animals.

Our advisory services aim to find solutions that take into account not only legal aspects but also the practical needs and the welfare of the animal involved.

2. Animals and Relationship Breakdown

The Firm assists spouses and partners in disputes regarding the possession and custody of animals in the event of legal separation, divorce, or the end of a cohabitation arrangement.

Our approach focuses on seeking balanced agreements that consider the emotional bond between the parties and the animal, as well as the most suitable conditions to ensure its care and quality of life.

3. Civil liability for damage caused by animals

The Firm provides advice and legal representation—both in and out of court—regarding disputes over damage caused by animals to third parties (persons or property), acting on behalf of either the injured party or the animal's owner or keeper.

Services include:

• analysis of the facts and the applicable liability framework;
• handling communications with insurance companies;
• pursuing compensation claims or providing legal defense against such claims.

For further information or to schedule an appointment, please contact our Milan offices using the details provided in the “Contact” section of the website.